Aging, Menopause, Dental and Sensory Health

Physical Changes of Aging, Integumentary Care, and Fall Risk

Normal aging involves physiological shifts across every major organ system. In the cardiovascular system, age-related arterial stiffening increases the risk of systolic hypertension. Simultaneously, reduced baroreceptor responsiveness and other factors elevate the risk of orthostatic hypotension. Because decreased baroreceptor sensitivity impairs the body's quick adjustment to posture changes, older adults face a heightened risk of postural hypotension and subsequent falls. As a practical nurse, reinforce the RN's teaching to change positions slowly when rising from a bed or chair, and report dizziness or falls to the RN.

Respiratory and integumentary changes also require focused observation. An age-related loss of chest wall elasticity combined with weakened respiratory muscles leads to decreased vital capacity and reduced coughing effectiveness. Along with decreased mucociliary clearance, these changes leave older adults increasingly vulnerable to respiratory infections. Meanwhile, the skin undergoes thinning of the epidermal layer and a reduction in subcutaneous fat, making the skin fragile and susceptible to shear injuries. Decreased activity of sebaceous and sweat glands causes dry skin and impairs thermoregulation. To protect fragile skin, the practical nurse reinforces using mild cleansers, warm water, and moisturizing lotions.

Musculoskeletal changes directly impact mobility and safety. Sarcopenia, which is the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, contributes substantially to fall risk. In addition, age-related bone demineralization increases the likelihood of fractures, particularly in postmenopausal females. The practical nurse actively collects data on an older adult's mobility, gait, and balance to assist in identifying fall risks. To minimize environmental hazards, the practical nurse reinforces practical home fall prevention strategies, such as removing throw rugs, securing loose electrical cords, and installing grab bars in bathrooms.